Periodontal disease, also called gum disease or periodontitis, is a progressive condition that affects the gums, the surrounding soft tissues, and the underlying jawbone. If left untreated, it can lead to loose teeth and eventual tooth loss. In fact, periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults in developed countries and should be addressed promptly.
The disease begins when bacteria in plaque produce toxins that irritate the gums. These bacteria embed in the gum tissue, causing an infection. As the infection worsens, it burrows deeper, leading to inflammation and tissue destruction. The gums may recede, forming deep pockets between the teeth and gums. Over time, the jawbone can also deteriorate, resulting in unstable teeth and potential tooth loss.
Types of Periodontal Disease
There are several forms of periodontal disease, each requiring professional intervention by a periodontist to stop tissue and bone loss.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is the mildest and most common form of gum disease. It is caused by plaque toxins and primarily affects the gums. Individuals at higher risk include pregnant women, women taking birth control, people with uncontrolled diabetes, steroid users, and those on certain medications for seizures or blood pressure.
Treatment: Gingivitis is reversible with proper home care and professional dental cleanings. Dentists may perform scaling and root planing to remove plaque and tartar from pockets, and may recommend antibiotics or medicated mouth rinses to control infection and promote healing.
Chronic Periodontal Disease
Chronic periodontal disease is more common in adults over 45. It is marked by persistent inflammation below the gum line and gradual destruction of gums and bone. The teeth may appear longer due to gum recession.
Treatment: While chronic periodontal disease cannot fully restore lost tissue, its progression can be halted. Treatments include scaling and root planing, antimicrobial therapy, and in some cases, surgical procedures such as pocket reduction or tissue grafts to strengthen bone and improve aesthetics.
Aggressive Periodontal Disease
Aggressive periodontitis is similar to chronic disease but progresses much faster. It often involves rapid gum and bone loss and may run in families. Smokers and those with a family history are at higher risk.
Treatment: Management is similar to chronic periodontal disease but often requires surgical intervention. Dentists may use scaling, root planing, antimicrobial therapy, and sometimes laser treatment to preserve gum and bone tissue.
Periodontal Disease Related to Systemic Conditions
Some systemic health issues, such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions, can exacerbate periodontal disease. Even minimal plaque can trigger rapid tissue destruction in these cases.
Treatment: The underlying medical condition must first be controlled. Dentists then apply standard periodontal treatments, including scaling, root planing, and antimicrobial therapies, to manage gum disease.
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease
This rare and severe form rapidly destroys gum tissue, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone. It is more common in people with HIV, compromised immune systems, malnutrition, chronic stress, or tobacco use.
Treatment: Due to its seriousness, treatment often involves consultation with a physician. Standard care includes scaling, root planing, antibiotics, medicated mouth rinses, and antifungal therapy if needed.
If you have any questions about the types of periodontal disease or available treatments, speak with your dentist to determine the best approach for maintaining healthy gums and teeth.