Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease or periodontitis, is a progressive condition that can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. It begins with inflammation and irritation of the gums (gingival tissues) surrounding and supporting the teeth. This inflammation is caused by toxins produced by bacteria in plaque, which trigger a persistent bacterial infection.

As the infection develops, bacteria colonize the gums, forming deep pockets between the teeth and gums. If caught early as gingivitis, the inflammation is fully reversible with proper care. However, if the infection progresses, it can destroy both the gums and underlying jawbone, ultimately resulting in tooth loss. In some cases, bacteria from the infection may enter the bloodstream, potentially affecting other areas of the body.

Common Causes of Gum Disease

Several genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of periodontal disease. Many cases can be prevented or minimized with proper care. Key causes include:

  • Poor oral hygiene: Maintaining excellent oral hygiene at home, along with a balanced diet and regular dental visits, is essential. Failure to remove plaque and tartar (calculus) allows bacterial toxins to damage gums and bone, leading to gingivitis or periodontitis.
  • Tobacco use: Smoking and other tobacco use significantly increase the risk of gum disease. Smokers tend to experience slower healing, more tartar buildup, deeper gum pockets, and greater bone loss.
  • Genetic predisposition: Up to 30% of people may be genetically predisposed to gum disease, even with diligent oral care. These individuals are at significantly higher risk, but early intervention can help maintain gum health.
  • Hormonal changes: Pregnancy and menopause can make gums more sensitive and susceptible to infection, making regular brushing and flossing particularly important during these periods.
  • Chronic stress and poor diet: Stress weakens the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight infection, while poor nutrition can negatively affect gum health and increase susceptibility to disease.
  • Medical conditions: Diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, and respiratory conditions can worsen or accelerate gum disease. Diabetes, in particular, makes controlling bacterial infections in the gums more challenging.
  • Teeth grinding (bruxism): Grinding or clenching teeth damages the supporting tissues around the teeth, often exacerbating gum disease and accelerating tissue destruction.
  • Medications: Certain medications, including oral contraceptives, heart medications, antidepressants, and steroids, can affect gum health. Steroid use may cause gum overgrowth, creating an environment where bacteria thrive.

Treatment of Gum Disease

Periodontists specialize in diagnosing and treating gum disease and placing dental implants. Treatment may include:

  • Deep cleanings (scaling and root planing): Removes plaque, tartar, and bacteria from deep pockets to promote healing.
  • Medications: Antibiotics or antifungals may be prescribed to control infection and halt disease progression.
  • Tissue grafts: Promote natural tissue regeneration in areas with gum recession or tissue loss.
  • Dental implants: Replace missing teeth due to advanced periodontal damage.
  • Gum contouring: Improves aesthetics in cases of gum recession or uneven gum lines.

Preventing periodontal disease is crucial for maintaining natural teeth and overall oral health. Understanding the causes and discussing them with your dentist can help prevent the onset, progression, and recurrence of gum disease.

If you have any questions or concerns about the causes or treatment of gum disease, consult your dentist for guidance.